Question 1
Since the innovation of Internet technologies, the Internet technologies have undergone significant evolution and played a significant role in the world of extreme competition on e-business, exchange of information, and efficient communication (Aghaei, 2012). From e-business platforms such as Amazon to social networking sites such as Facebook and other businesses that have utilized internet technologies in their business strategies leading to success or failure and creation of competitive business environment. Internet Technologies have evolved from Web 1.0 as a Web of Information Connections, Web 2.0 as a Web of People Connections, Web 3.0 as a Web of Knowledge Connections and Web 4.0 as a Web of Intelligence Connections (Aghaei, 2012).
Web 1.0 is the first generation of the Internet technologies which was used an information place for businesses to share information to many people by providing unlimited interactions and content contributions (Aghaei, 2012). It allowed searching for information and reading it using browsers such as Internet Explorer and Netscape. This include use of catalog forms, forums, search and mail as well as text and pictures.
Web 2.0 also referred to as Social or Dynamic web enabling enc-users access services offered over the internet. This internet technology allowed the assembling and managing global hosting service providers with shared interests in establishing social networking interactions such as Facebook (Aghaei, 2012). Web 2.0 focused on connection and interaction between people. Web 2.0 has made Social networks, blogs and Wiki, Crowd Sourcing, Widgets, Video and E-commerce possible to end-users.
Web 3.0 also referred to as the Semantic Web was the third generation aimed at decreasing the human efforts and decisions and putting them to machines by enabling machine-readable content on the web. This technology includes technology and social computing environment. It enables human-machine co-operation and organizing large number of social internet communities and search engines (Aghaei, 2012). Web 3.0 focused on connecting people with devices using the internet, also referred to as the “Internet of Things.” It enabled the interconnection between all devices and the internet hence ability to send and receive data becoming the most important development in the internet technology (Aghaei, 2012). There are several mobile apps enabling end-users to connect their homes or office devices and enable interaction with the devices through the internet (Aghaei, 2012).
3. We discussed how no one entity owns the Internet. Answer the following questions. [70 points total]
a. How do countries regulate and police the Internet on a global scale?
Countries regulate and police the Internet through the establishment of agencies and use of Internet Service providers to regulate internet and internet content (Benedek, 2008). The countries establish policies and regulations or guidelines which are enforced with the help of Internet service providers such as illegal and harmful content like national security, protection of minors, human dignity, economic security, intellectual property among other concerns. With the help of the international standards and regulators, countries coordinate and through the establish of geographical boundaries help police the network (Benedek, 2008).
b. How are countries able to shut down the Internet during civil unrest.
Internet shutdowns are done through Internet Service providers and including mobile data services as well as the use of “kill switch” or having all the IP addresses routed to null also referred to as null routing. This prevents access to internet services partially like social networking sites or complete shutdown which include shutting down access to internet by all apps and websites or browsers (Benedek, 2008).
c. What is the first web website created on the Internet and what was its purpose.
The first web created was dedicated to information on the World Wide Web project. It explains what the World Wide Web was (Benedek, 2008). The World Wide Web and first web page is accessible http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html.
d. What was the first domain registered on the Internet and what is it’s use today.
c. Describe how each of the following organizations provide standards and overview of the Internet. Give an example in your description of how a business interacts with each of your responses.
- Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
ICANN coordinates the maintenance and procedures of databases related to the namespaces and numerical spaces of the internet to ensure the network operation is stable and secure. It is responsible for Internet Provider (IP) address space allocation, domain name system management, protocol parameter assignment, root system management function and services (Benedek, 2008). It ensures no two sites can have same address and approves new top-level domains. Hosting service providers interact with ICANN to get approval of new top-level domains and issue domains to businesses (Benedek, 2008).
- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE promotes the development and application of electrotechnology and allied sciences to improve humanity and advance the profession as well as the well-being of members (Piccoli, 2012). It develops global standards in different industries such as power and energy, biomedical and health care, information technology and robotics among others.
- World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
W3C aims at leading the Web to its full potential by articulating web standards for the websites to look and work the same in all web browsers (Piccoli, 2012). It establishes and develops standards, protocols and guidelines to ensure the long-term growth of the internet (Benedek,
